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Aristotle: The Habit of Injustice

Published January 24, 2026, 06:07
Aristotle: The Habit of Injustice

In his Rhetoric, Aristotle analyzes the causes that lead people to injustice. He distinguishes seven basic causes: luck, nature, violence, habit, reason, anger and desire. Aristotle emphasizes that understanding these causes is essential for effective rhetoric and persuasion. He defines injustice as the voluntary harm caused to someone, violating the law, which can be written (private) or unwritten (common). He argues that people are responsible for their actions when they are done intentionally, and that injustice stems from malice and lack of self-control. He examines cases where people succumb to either excess or deficiency of a virtue, such as greed, unrestrained desire for pleasure, fear, laziness and ambition. Each of these tendencies can lead to injustice, due to the individual's inability to follow the golden mean. Aristotle does not delve into the analysis of the mean in the Rhetoric, but refers those interested to his Ethics. In summary, he reiterates that the seven causes mentioned constitute the primary causes of human action, including injustice, and that there are no other significant causes to be considered.