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Venezuela: Debunking the Myth of Massive Oil Reserves

Published January 20, 2026, 11:23
Venezuela: Debunking the Myth of Massive Oil Reserves

Venezuela is often described as having the largest oil reserves in the world, officially exceeding 300 billion barrels, more than Saudi Arabia. However, its position as a leading force in oil reserves is not due to new discoveries, but rather to a reclassification based on oil prices, Western technology, and political motivations. The basis for these reserves lies in the Orinoco Belt, which contains extremely heavy crude oil and bitumen-like hydrocarbons. Producing oil from the Orinoco Belt is particularly demanding and expensive, as the crude oil requires extraction or thermal production and subsequent upgrading to synthetic crude oil. For decades, most of this oil was not considered economically viable and was classified as a resource rather than a reserve. The definition of "proven reserves" is economic rather than geological, based on the ability to recover oil profitably at current prices and with existing technology. In the early 2000s, Venezuela's proven reserves were relatively modest, around 77-80 billion barrels, primarily conventional crude oil. This number placed it far behind Saudi Arabia and other major producers. The increase in oil prices after 2005 led to an upgrade of Venezuela's reserves, as the heavy crude oil from the Orinoco Belt became economically feasible to extract and refine. In conclusion, Venezuela's large number of oil reserves is a result of economic and political factors, rather than geological discoveries. Exploiting these reserves remains a challenge due to the technological complexity and sensitivity to oil prices, while their true value depends on global economic conditions and Venezuela's ability to attract investment and expertise.