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The Bloody Origins of Valentine's Day – Executions, Fertility Rituals, Shakespeare and Hallmark

Published February 14, 2026, 09:21
The Bloody Origins of Valentine's Day – Executions, Fertility Rituals, Shakespeare and Hallmark

Valentine's Day has a history that begins with ancient customs and rituals, very different from the modern celebration of love. In ancient Rome, the Lupercalia were celebrated, a festival of fertility with violent practices, such as animal sacrifice and the whipping of women. During the Lupercalia, men and women were randomly selected to spend the holidays together, a practice believed to enhance fertility. The festival was combined with drunkenness and violence. The connection to Saint Valentine comes from the execution of two men named Valentine in the 3rd century AD by Emperor Claudius II. The Catholic Church later established the feast of Saint Valentine to honor their martyrdom. Over the centuries, the holiday evolved, influenced by literature (Shakespeare, Chaucer) and commercial exploitation (Hallmark), acquiring the romantic character it has today. The mass production of cards in the 19th century and promotion by companies like Hallmark contributed to its spread.